Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Human Resource Management - Essay Example The main argument is that the framework for a diverse workplace is contingent on the successful development of these three categories. The article indicates that the motivating and controlling factor for diversity in the workforce is the headquarters. In this way there is the recommendation to begin planning diversity at this stage and then extend it to subsidiary organizations. Diversity variables are also noted as an important notion in that they consider the changing nature of diversity based on region. The author indicates that multicultural teams are effective as the multiplicity of perspectives creates opportunities for increased innovation. To a large part the article downplays reasons against diversity, although there are a few instances. For instance, while multicultural teams may be good for innovation, it is also possible that the divergence of viewpoints and backgrounds causes increased troubles for collaboration. Ultimately I found this article insightful in the way that it attempted to establish a framework for implementing diversity in the workforce. Still, I believe that the article lacks the detail that is needed to truly enact change, as there will be different challenges for different labor environments. Linda Gravett’s article ‘Diversity Efforts Can Support Business Imperatives’ considers diversity in terms of diverse business operations. For instance, there is the indication that businesses that are able to expand into international markets receive a greater competitive advantage. The author also makes the point that for organizations to increasingly survive they must consider diversity as a strong part of their missions and values. This vision of diversity refers to establishing a workforce with diverse talents and skills. Gravett later relays a story about working in Japan. During this period she was tasked with conducting a training program for her organization. The students were Japanese and refrained

Lab Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Lab Report - Essay Example Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. This report stresses that Newtons laws find many applications in the life experiences for example, rocket and jet propulsion in which the third law is widely applied, garden sprinklers, firing guns, dynamic lift and balances of forces in helicopter among many applications. The major limitations of Newtons laws in motion is that they cannot be applied in objects travelling at the speed of light. Additionally newtons laws fail when they are applied to very small objects such as atomic and subatomic particles in which they fail in the concepts of quantum mechanics. This paper makes a conclusion that the free body diagrams enable one to set the problem properly and solve for the unknown forces that act on a body in real life situations. The diagrams learnt in this Lab are useful in understanding what is likely to happen to a body before applying the equations of motion. The distance time graphs are very useful in approximating various quantities such as the possible time one can take to travel from one place to another, the critical velocities and acceleration necessary to avoid accidents and crashes. Additionally, one is able to understand the conditions feelt when one uses an elevator system and the manufacturers of the elevators apply the knowledge while making and installing elevators.

Main Market Segments In Egyptian Market

Main Market Segments In Egyptian Market Introduction Paul founded 120 years ago and is a market leader in France with more than 360 local branches and has spread over 20 countries worldwide. Its a private sector company operated under HOLDER group which its 3 businesses are bread-making, pastry and restaurants. Pauls well known across its borders, and Egypt is one of its targeted countries as its further developing, nowadays. Through our frequent visits to various spots in different cities in Egypt, we noticed how life style is developing encouragingly; we had to be certain about how liable our projected sales would be in this market. Accordingly we had assigned a marketing research to an international marketing research company TNS Global which had been for decades present in Egypt. By this we could ensure more accurate estimated results with first-rate standards. TNS Global has provided us with the primary data through statistical research. We agreed upon that to follow the marketing research through the following steps. a) Defining Problem and research objective. Our main goal is to ensure the feasibility of entering the Egyptian market, and thorough which means. b) Developing the research plan. We needed to focus on adults and students as a primary target, athletes and healthy people as secondary target children and seniors as tertiary target, without neglecting business targets as well. The research needed to cover the following information: The demographic, economic and lifestyle characteristic of these segments. Main market segments in Egyptian market Perceived price for our products by Egyptian consumer Suitable market entry Preferable sales approach Acceptance of the Egyptians for French products -Egyptian consumer behavior and buying rhythm Suitable product features (size-packaging-colors-labeling) Competitors (local-international) Legal and social environment in Egypt Raw materials-labor cost and other production cost if we consider producing locally Investment rules in Egypt online commercial databases, we emphasize the primary data through our research to guarantee its validity and objective conformity. Our primary data collection will use survey research approach c) Sampling plan. Random sample questionnaire is used to ask people, on our product and on the idea itself and how they react to it and how much acceptable for them it would be and such open-ended questions. To put hands on required information for research objective. d) Implementing the research plan. TNS Global had feed us with implantation that includes collecting, processing, analyzing the information. e) Interpreting and reporting the findings. Conclusions were sent to us in a vivid form that assured our idea about the viability and investment of our product in the Egyptian market. Part B Executive summary Paul is preparing to launch one of its branches in Egypt, which is one of the big developing markets. Through direct investment to insure our control over the Egyptian market. Despite the presence of bakeries other competitors, we can compete because our offering combines both high distinctive quality and suitable market price. We are targeting special segments in the consumers level, taking advantage of high quality baked goods, and distinctive foods and desserts. The primary marketing objective of this research is to obtain first year Egyptian market share of 20 %. This primary financial objective is to achieve first year sales revenue of 20 million EGP, while keeping losses to less than 6 million EGP. Current Market Situation Paul founded 120 years ago and is a market leader in France with more than 360 local branches and have spread over 20 countries worldwide , and is about to enter the Egyptian market directly . The demand of the Egyptians to cafes with baked goods is increasing rapidly which lead to increase in competitive pressure. Thus dependence on high quality and a little over price according to other competitors will be obligatory to reach market share in this environment. Paul must carefully target specific market segments. Market Description Paul market consists of consumers of all ages from young children up to seniors which could be athletic , healthy or food admiring , who needs a quick pick and go or a short break in regular daily basis . In the first year we will focus on specific segments. Table A1 illustrates how Paul covers the needs of targeted consumers Product Review Paul offers various high quality standard products indoor where customers can have ability to connect via the Internet while enjoying leisure or meeting or takeaway: 7 Plates specially for breakfast 6 Varieties of plates for a quick lunch 24 Different sandwiches with the variety of 7 different breads 10 Types of pies pizzas 15 Salads 8 Grand classic bread 10 Pleasure bread 8 Light and healthy bread 4 Special meals for athletic and Healthy people 11 Different types of cakes and desserts 5 Type of ice creams 9 Viennoiseries and sweet pastries 6 Options of Crepe 36 Fresh juice , Hot and cold drinks 7 Take away boxes of 12 mini special desserts of ones choice Table A1: Target Segments Customer Need Corresponding Benefit Children Sweets Desserts Macaroons Cakes Tarts Ice creams Students Quick pick and go before classes Small snacks on way back home or between courses Sandwiches Viennoiseries Hot and cold drinks Salads Adults A little gathering between shopping, work or hangouts A quick drink on busy days Breakfast or lunch plates Fresh juice or other drinks Crepe Pies and pizzas Seniors Buy goods for home or family One of the 22 Bread A box of mini desserts Athletic and Healthy Healthy low fat food Food to fit in their daily diet A grab before or after workout One of 8 types of the healthy breads with minerals and vitamins The unique collection of the healthy sandwiches One of the meals for athletic people depending on their activity and their daily need First year sales profits are expected to be 20 million EGP based on sales of Pauls baked goods. During the second year we prepare to introduce Pauls restaurant which will provide the following: Soups Side dishes Side sauce Big main dishes for Breakfast , Lunch Dinner More menu variety from each category of the previous provided products Competitive Review Increased entry of cafes and bakeries has pressured competitors to continuously let prices down and add more products every day. Competitors include: Starbucks Costa coffee On the run The bakery Starbucks: Is an international coffee shop from 30 years ago, offering hot and cold drinks, some desserts and very few sandwiches. Costa cafà ©: is a 28 years old coffee shop which is internationally recognized, that offers few sandwiches, salads and desserts. But recently is facing financial struggles due to the increase of competitors and being not able to provide a bigger variety of products. On the run : is the biggest competitor as its widely branded through almost 9000 stores worldwide , and one of the leading stores locally .It sells desserts , sandwiches, hot and cold drinks , salads , very few pizza. The bakery : is one of the several shops which is considered to be a cafà © and a bakery that sells some bread , sandwiches , few desserts , hot and cold drinks Despite this strong competition, Paul can make out a distinct image and win recognition between these competitors and targeted segments. Our Unique way of baking bread is definite and doesnt exist anywhere else , adding Pauls large variety of products which have French background makes it unique in the local market , and never disregard 120 years experience. Distribution review Pauls products will be sold through Pauls stores and also through other stores in top 20 Egyptian markets. Among the most important partners that will help us distribute that already has been contacted are: Super Markets. Metro market Alfa market. Will allow Paul to present its product in their store. Local bakeries. The baker, Bread basket. Will buy from Paul its unique bread variety to offer in their store. School and University. American University Cairo , German School Cairo , British International School Cairo, German University Cairo French University Egypt , Le Collà ¨ge de la Mere de Dieu . Have agreed to deliver most of our sandwiches, desserts and beverages in their Cafeteria. Fitness centers and sport clubs. World gym, Golds gym and Platinum gym, will sell our healthy sandwiches and athletics meals. SWOT Analysis Strength Variety. Our customer has a wide range of varieties through which they can explore and try and not getting used to only one product. Price. Our products are in an affordable competing price according to the provided quality. Quality. Paul signed with the Ministry of Healths Terms of voluntary commitments nutritional progress under the Programme National Nutrition Santà © on all its products. Paul becomes the first brand of bakery and catering to obtain this recognition. Reputation. Paul has achieved an esteemed reputation throughout the years. Unique. Paul provides many unique products in the Egyptian market which can allow it to have a definite image between competitors which would help it to have the targeted market share. Weakness Brand Awareness. As a start up, Paul didnt yet establish an image or brand name in the local market. Whereas On the Run and other competitors have a strong image and national brand recognition. Culture Background. Most of our product comes from French background, thus it will take a little time for the Egyptian culture to explore and familiarize with it. Opportunities Paul can take advantage of two major market opportunities Lack in market. Egyptian market lacks most of the products that Paul would introduce. Increase demand. Egyptians demand to cafes with baked goods is growing rapidly. Threats Increased Competition. More bakeries and cafà ©s are entering the Egyptian market. With hundreds of them, Paul must stress out clear differentiation. Competitive pricing. Increased completion is pushing down the prices. Duration. Pauls products are all food based, thus it has to be sold during a short time period due to expiry and quality precautions. Objectives and Issues We have aggressive but reachable objectives during out first and second years of market entry. First year Objective. During the entrance of Paul for the first year in the Egyptian market, we are targeting for 20% share of Egyptian market. Second year Objective. We are aiming to achieve 30% of Egyptian market based on launching Paul restaurant and to achieve break even early in this period. Marketing Strategy Pauls marketing strategy mainly depends on positioning of product differentiation. Consumer target Primary consumer target. Adults and students which are considered upper to middle income individuals , who gathers around the tea-area in Paul and consumers more during their stay. Secondary Consumer Target. Athletes and healthy people, due to their demand for healthy and energetic food which contains high vitamins and nutrients that Egyptians market lacks. Tertiary Consumer Target. Children and seniors, as their needs would be little and met easily by mostly buying few products takeaway, like sweets, bread or desserts. Business Target Primary business target. Is mid to large sized Schools Universities. As there are large amount of students who can benefit from its presence at their location especially during their break or between lectures as well as their ability to buy such product. Fitness centers Sport Clubs. Can profit from the existence of our products, pre or post workout, which could allow them to maintain their training and diet. Positioning Through product differentiation, our product will position itself differently that other competitors. We will focus on high quality, unique taste and price added value. Product strategy Paul will be offering all the products reviewed in the earlier product review section during the first year. We will establish Paul restaurant which will be offering, Soups, Side dishes, Side sauce, big main dishes for Breakfast, Lunch Dinner as well as more menu variety from each category of the previous provided products. Building Pauls brand name that advocates high quality satisfaction is a crucial part of our strategy. The brand name PAUL will be printed on every bags and packaging to strengthen its entrance in the marketing promotion. Pricing Strategy Since Pauls products are new to this market, and due to high competition between prices; Paul will introduce its products in a lower price during the first year until Pauls restaurant is launched by the second year afterward an addition o 10% on Pauls product will take place to compensate the costs being paid to establish the restaurant and to allow further expansion to cover more parts of Egypt. Our First Year average prices will be as follows. Breakfast Plates ( 14 35 LE ) Quick lunch Plates ( 3 5 -56 L.E ) Sandwiches with the varieties ( 24.5 42 L.E ) Pies Pizzas ( 14 28 L.E ) Salads ( 24.5 38.5 L.E ) Grand classic breads ( 7- 10.5 L.E ) Pleasure breads ( 7- 35 L.E ) Light and healthy breads ( 10.5 35 L.E ) Athletic and Healthy meals ( 40 65 L.E ) Cakes and desserts ( 14- 28 L.E ) Ice creams ( 7- 14 L.E ) Viennoiseries and sweet pastries ( 5.6 14 L.E) Crepes ( 10.5- 17.5 L.E ) Fresh Juices , Hot cold drinks ( 7 21 L.E ) Take away boxes ( 70 L.E ) Distribution Strategy Pauls channel strategy is to use its store location as a primary tool to distribute its products and to rely secondly on well known supermarkets, local bakeries, schools, universities, fitness centers and sport clubs , and lastly on online orders. Marketing Organization Marketing Communication Strategy By combining and distributing all media messages simultaneously, we will fortify the brand name and the main points of product differentiation, especially out unique breads and desserts. Media campaign will be critical before and during product introduction. Therefore, advertising will appear on a rhythmic basis to maintain brand awareness and convey numerous differentiation messages. We would coordinate Public Relations efforts to develop Paul Brand name and support the differentiation message. We will as well offer limited time promotions, a listed item for customers that will buy a dessert, breads or other products will be offered without charge and further such promotions to attract market attention and favors purchasing. Paul will provide free samples on first one month, for its business targets, as well as it would set special trades deals for retailers that would place volume orders. We would as well rent booths in grand malls to demonstrate our products for first two weeks, we also will offer discounts for purchases that exceeds 150 L.E. Multimedia advertising campaign will take place; offers will be held with our partner radio stations, so that free gift coupons would be offered as a prize through them. Action Programs Paul will enter the Egyptian Market in September. The upcoming steps will summarize the action programs that will be taking place in the next six months. August We will begin with 400,000 L.E. sales promotion campaigns, to introduce the awareness of Paul to the local bakeries, schools and universities, fitness clubs and supermarket and also to generate excitement for Pauls entry on October. September Paul will be launched. Internet, Radio, and print campaign will take place, directed towards our business and customer targets. The campaign will show the products we offer, their quality, and that they are new and unique in Egypt. October As internet , Radio, Print multimedia campaigns persists , we will add consumer sales promotions , as offering promotions for large amount purchases , giving free item to consumers that buy desserts , breads and other products , as well as placing our booth in grand malls offering free samples. November We will distribute our products to schools, universities and supermarkets at this stage .Sales contest will be hold to offer prizes for sales person or one of our partners that offers our products, which had sold most out of our products. December Radio ads will put on celebrities taking about their experience trying Paul. Prints, television and internet ads will show celebrities eating a dessert from Paul. January We will offer out free coupons to our partner radio stations .we will place our products in local bakeries, fitness centers and sport clubs. Results of customer satisfaction survey will be counted and considered to make use of it in further promotions, and to review feedback of our products. Budgets The first Year sales profit is projected to be 20 million EGP. We predict the first year loss of 6 million EGP as there would be marketing budget not less than 1 million EGP plus the start up expenses of factory building , machinery , and staff hiring and training. Controls We are arranging a Very tight control measure with strong monitoring method to ensure customer satisfaction. That will allow us to respond very quickly in correcting any problems that may arise. Part 3

Burnning Notebooks as Therapy Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

Burnning Notebooks as Therapy For many people, the purpose of journaling is a sort of catharsis. With pen on paper, they are able to work through problems and issues. These problems are overcome simply by allowing time to process these tribulations enough to form sentences about them. I too use writing for this purpose. However, I often do not allow writing to be the last step in my emotional eradication. I was seventeen the first time I held a match to a completed page, but lighting the fire is the last step. Before a notebook can be burned, it must first be filled; this isn't an easy task. A Mead composition notebook contains one hundred sheets--or two hundred pages. The goal in essence is to write. As each word flows onto the paper through the pen, some event must set the precedent; be it long narrations of break-ups or pained descriptions of breakdowns, copious amounts of material must pave the way--the emotionally passive life cannot be translated onto paper. However, for those who can complete the task, the reward comes when the back cover is closed. It is then that the... Burnning Notebooks as Therapy Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing Burnning Notebooks as Therapy For many people, the purpose of journaling is a sort of catharsis. With pen on paper, they are able to work through problems and issues. These problems are overcome simply by allowing time to process these tribulations enough to form sentences about them. I too use writing for this purpose. However, I often do not allow writing to be the last step in my emotional eradication. I was seventeen the first time I held a match to a completed page, but lighting the fire is the last step. Before a notebook can be burned, it must first be filled; this isn't an easy task. A Mead composition notebook contains one hundred sheets--or two hundred pages. The goal in essence is to write. As each word flows onto the paper through the pen, some event must set the precedent; be it long narrations of break-ups or pained descriptions of breakdowns, copious amounts of material must pave the way--the emotionally passive life cannot be translated onto paper. However, for those who can complete the task, the reward comes when the back cover is closed. It is then that the...

Scientific Management in Action

Several philosophers have come up with theories to describe the ideal organizational structure for businesses to adopt (Hugh, 1985). Max Weber’s classical organization theory of bureaucracy was developed to deal with management issues in an organization.He maintained that power is epitomized by the course of control in the organization. He defined authority and power between managers and the subordinates in the context of ‘master- servant’ relationship. In his view, he asserted that managers should formulate strict code of rules for the employees to follow without question.His primary objectives were to eliminate corruption, and nepotism which had characterized most of the 19th century business organizations (Wren, 2005).This theory was heavily criticized by the present- day philosophers for making employees too be subordinate, passive and dependent on the managers. It also makes them have minimal control over their lives besides being treated as infants rather th an competent human beings. As a matter of fact, such organizations were willing to pay high wages if mature people behave in a less than mature comportment. This resulted to resentment of the employees and poor motivation of the employees (Hugh, 1985).Due to these criticisms, modern day philosophers came up with human relations theories to correct the deviations created by classical theorists. One of such philosophers is Elton maiyo. He Came up with human relations theory   in 1880- 1948.His ideas focused on the managers taking more interest on the workers by treating them as mature   people who have   worthwhile beliefs or opinions (Wren, 2005).This was based on his experiment known as Hawthorne plant. This theory has been used by many managers today since it has enhanced efficient communication among managers and workers. This is as a result of elimination of the strict rules, which are often too rigid and do not allow the workers to air their views.This philosophy has also lead to greater organizational involvement by the employees. In a nutshell, this modern philosophy has made it possible for the managers to re-organize and also introduce different departments. As a matter of fact, this theory has led to the establishment of Human resource departments which deal with the issues relating to employees. This has led to greater motivation of the workforce and increased productivity (Hugh, 1985).ReferencesHugh G. J. (1985). Scientific Management in Action: Taylorism.Watertown: Princeton University Press.Wren, D, A. (2005). The history of management thought and leadership. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

The History of Islamic Education in Turkish Society

With the end of World War II the strains that had been created by the transformation of Turkey under Ataturk erupted into the open.The political elite splintered into various factions and new elements that had risen to the fore in the twenties and thirties; businessmen, traders, and entrepreneurs.Began to articulate insistent demands for a greater voice in decision-making. In their drive for more power the new groups quickly gained the support of many elements within the society who, dissatisfied with the rigidity of the CHP and the bureaucracy in general, and with the wartime economic problems in particular, wished to see a greater degree of freedom within the country.In this atmosphere ideological attitudes ranging from racialism to communism were openly expressed and fundamental political issues became topics of popular debate. This debate culminated in a dramatic change in the political system that could now be characterized as competitive, a change that in turn engendered marked repercussions in every aspect of Turkish life.For many reasons; including Inà ¶nà ¼'s dedication to Ataturk's ideal of establishing a multiparty system, internal opposition within the CHP, and demands to end one-party rule; opposition politics were legalized in 1946. In 1950 the DP (Democrat Party), formed by four former CHP leaders, was swept into power by an overwhelming majority. This election marked a turning point in the country's history.Not only had a remarkable transition from dictatorship to democracy taken place, but the new government promptly embarked upon an ambitious program of economic development that would have significant consequences for Turkish society in general and the educational system in particular (Szyliowicz, 1966).What had happened was that the first free elections in Turkish history allowed all segments of society to voice their dissatisfaction with the CHP which had been in power for twenty-seven long years; intellectuals wanted democracy, businessme n resented the etatist economic policy, landowners were disturbed by the attempts; however unsuccessful; to induce change in rural areas, and the peasantry, whose way of life (as we have noted) had changed but little, felt neglected and abused by a tyrannical administration.Secure in its mandate, the DP attempted to carry out its campaign promises, launching an ambitious program of economic development financed in large part with American aid, and liberalizing various restrictive laws.Furthermore, the DP was aware of the importance of rural support and did its utmost to maintain the favor of the villagers by a partial relaxation of religious restrictions; the call to prayer could once again be chanted in Arabic and religious instruction became a regular school subject unless the parents requested that their children be excused.

A Doctor of Philosophy or Doctorate

A Doctor of Philosophy or Doctorate More than 54,000 students earned doctoral degrees in 2016, the latest year for which figures are available, a 30 percent increase since 2000, according to the  National Science Foundation.  A Ph.D., also called a doctorate, is a Doctor of Philosophy degree, which is a misleading moniker because most Ph.D. holders are not philosophers. The term for this increasingly popular degree derives from the original meaning of the word  philosophy, which comes from  the ancient Greek word  philosophia, meaning love of wisdom. What Is a Ph.D.? In that sense, the term Ph.D. is accurate, because the degree has historically been a license to teach, but it also signifies that the holder is an authority, in full command of (a given) subject right up to the boundaries of current knowledge, and able to extend them, says  FindAPhD, an online Ph.D. database. Earning a Ph.D. requires a hefty financial and time commitment- $35,000 to $60,000  and two to eight years- as well as research, creating a thesis or dissertation, and possibly some teaching duties. Deciding to pursue a Ph.D. can represent a major life choice. Doctoral candidates require additional schooling after completing a masters program to earn their Ph.D.: They must complete additional coursework, pass comprehensive  exams, and complete an independent dissertation in their field. Once completed, though, a doctoral degree- often called a terminal degree- can open doors for the Ph.D.holder, especially in academia but also in business. Core Courses and Electives To obtain a Ph.D., you need to take a group of core courses as well as electives, totaling about 60 to 62 hours, which are roughly the equivalent of units at the bachelors degree level. For example,  Washington State University  offers a  Ph.D. in crop science. Core courses, which make up about 18 hours, include such subjects as introduction to population genetics, plant transmission genetics, and plant breeding. Additionally, the student must make up the remaining required hours through electives. The  Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  offers a doctoral degree in  Biological Sciences in Public Health. After core courses such as  laboratory rotations, biological sciences seminars, and core  principles of biostatistics and epidemiology, the Ph.D. candidate is required to take electives in related fields such as  advanced respiratory physiology,  advanced respiratory physiology, and  ecological and epidemiological control of parasitic diseases. Degree-granting institutions across the board want to ensure that those who earn Ph.D.s have broad knowledge in their chosen field. Thesis or Dissertation and Research A Ph.D. also requires students to complete a large scholarly project known as a  dissertation, a research report- usually 60-plus pages- which signifies that they are able to make significant independent contributions to their chosen field of study. Students take on the project, also known as a  doctoral thesis, after completing the core and elective coursework and passing a  comprehensive  examination. Through the dissertation, the student is expected to make a new and creative contribution to a field of study and to demonstrate her expertise. According to the  Association of American Medical Colleges, for example, a strong medical dissertation relies heavily on the creation of a specific hypothesis that can be either disproved or supported by data collected through independent student research. Further, it must also contain several key elements starting with an introduction to the problem statement, conceptual framework, and research question as well as references to literature already published on the topic. Students must show that the  dissertation  is relevant, provides new insight into the chosen field, and is a topic that they can research independently. Financial Aid and Teaching There are several ways to pay for a doctoral degree: scholarships, grants, fellowships, and government loans, as well as teaching.  GoGrad, a graduate school information website, provides such examples as the: Science, Mathematics, and Research for Transformation (SMART) Scholarship for Service Program, which provides  full tuition and an annual stipend of  $25,000 to $38,000.National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship,  a three-year graduate fellowship that is designed to support doctoral students across 15 engineering disciplinesNational Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program, a three-year program that provides an annual stipend of $34,000 and a $12,000 cost-of-education allowance for tuition and fees As it does for bachelors and masters degrees, the federal government also offers several  loan programs  to help students finance their Ph.D. studies. You generally apply for these loans by filling out the free application for federal student aid (FAFSA). Students planning to go into teaching after obtaining their doctoral degrees often also supplement their income by teaching undergraduate classes at the schools where they are studying. The University of California, Riverside, for example, offers a  teaching award- essentially a stipend applied toward tuition costs- for Ph.D. candidates in English who teach undergraduate, beginning-level, English courses Jobs and Opportunities for Ph.D. Holders Education accounts for a large  percentage doctoral awards, with elementary education, curriculum and instruction, educational leadership and administration, special education, and counselor  education/ school counseling topping the list. Most universities in the United States require a Ph.D. for candidates who seek teaching positions, regardless of the department. Many Ph.D. candidates seek the degree, however, to boost their current salaries. For example, a health, sports,  and fitness educator at a community college would realize a bump in annual pay for obtaining a Ph.D. The same holds for educational administrators. Most such positions require only a masters degree, but obtaining a Ph.D. generally leads to an  annual stipend that school districts add to the annual salary. That same health and fitness instructor at a community college could also move on from a teaching position and become a dean at a community college- a position that requires a Ph.D.- boosting his pay to  $120,000 to $160,000  a year or more. So, the opportunities for a doctoral degree holder are wide and varied, but the cost and commitment required are significant. Most experts say you should know your future career plans before you make the commitment. If you know what you want to get out of the degree, then the years of required study and sleepless nights may well be worth the investment.

Diego Riviera essays

Diego Riviera essays My artist name is Diego Rivera he is a Mexican painter who produced murals on social themes and who ranks one of my countries greatest artists. He was born in Guanajuato and educated at the San Carlos Academy of Fine Arts , in Mexico City. he studied painting in Europe between 1907 and 1921, becoming familiar with the innovative cubist forms of the French painter Paul Cezanne and Pablo Picasso. In 1921 Riviera returned to Mexico and took a prominent part in revival of mural painting initiated by artists and sponsored by the government . Believing that art should serve the working people and be readily available to them , he concentrated on painting large frescoes, concerning the history and social problems of Mexico, on the walls of public buldings.His works during 1930s included frescoes the Ministry of Educational Mexico City and in the National Agricultural School in Chapingo. Rivera was an active member of the Mexican Communist party , and he painted murals in the National Palace , Mexico City 1929, and the Palace Cortes , Cuernavaca1930 .In 1929 Riviera married Frida Kahlo who is now considered to have been a leading 20th century Mexican painter. I think what I like the most the murals that he painted I liked how he drew the Indian people their faces the scenery , the palace and his style. Riviera's murals are rich in archeological detail and painted in sharply outlined , linear style. Most of them have clear , three dimensional figures in a shallow space , although a deep spatial extension of landscape appears at the top of some works . Rivera also executed easel paintings and portraits and designed and built his Mexico City house , the Anahuacalli, which is now a museum housing the extensive collection of pre-Columbian art that he left for Mexican people . I liked the water colors that Riviera used for the murals and the way he painted the pictures .I imagine take him a long time to draw the murals and paint them and drawing the...

Characteristics of a Real Number

Characteristics of a Real Number What is a number? Well that depends. There are a variety of different kinds of numbers, each with their own particular properties. One sort of number, upon which statistics, probability, and much of mathematics is based upon, is called a real number. To learn what a real number is, we will first take a brief tour of other kinds of numbers. Types of Numbers We first learn about numbers in order to count. We began with matching the numbers 1, 2, and 3 with our fingers.  Then we and kept going as high as we could, which probably wasnt that high. These counting numbers or natural numbers were the only numbers that we knew about. Later, when dealing with subtraction, negative whole numbers were introduced. The set of positive and negative whole numbers is called the set of integers. Shortly after this, rational numbers, also called fractions were considered. Since every integer can be written as a fraction with 1 in the denominator, we say that the integers form a subset of the rational numbers. The ancient Greeks realized that not all numbers can be formed as a fraction. For example, the square root of 2 cannot be expressed as a fraction. These kinds of numbers are called irrational numbers. Irrational numbers abound, and somewhat surprisingly in a certain sense there are more irrational numbers than rational numbers. Other irrational numbers include pi and e. Decimal Expansions Every real number can be written as a decimal. Different kinds of real numbers have different kinds of decimal expansions. The decimal expansion of a rational number is terminating, such as 2, 3.25, or 1.2342, or repeating, such as .33333. . . Or .123123123. . . In contrast to this, the decimal expansion of an irrational number is nonterminating and nonrepeating. We can see this in the decimal expansion of pi. There is a never ending string of digits for pi, and whats more, there is no string of digits that indefinitely repeats itself. Visualization of Real Numbers The real numbers can be visualized by associating each one of them to one of the infinite number of points along a straight line. The real numbers have an order, meaning that for any two distinct real numbers we can say that one is greater than the other. By convention, moving to the left along on the real number line corresponds to lesser and lesser numbers. Moving to the right along the real number line corresponds to greater and greater numbers. Basic Properties of the Real Numbers The real numbers behave like other numbers that we are used to dealing with. We can add, subtract, multiply and divide them (as long as we dont divide by zero). The order of addition and multiplication is unimportant, as there is a commutative property. A distributive property tells us how multiplication and addition interact with one another. As mentioned before, the real numbers possess an order. Given any two real numbers x and y, we know that one and only one of the following is true: x y, x y or x y. Another Property - Completeness The property that sets the real numbers apart from other sets of numbers, like the rationals, is a property known as completeness. Completeness is a bit technical to explain, but the intuitive notion is that the set of rational numbers has gaps in it. The set of real numbers does not have any gaps, because it is complete. As an illustration, we will look at the sequence of rational numbers 3, 3.1, 3.14, 3.141, 3.1415, . . . Each term of this sequence is an approximation to pi, obtained by truncating the decimal expansion for pi. The terms of this sequence get closer and closer to pi. However, as we have mentioned, pi is not a rational number. We need to use irrational numbers to plug in the holes of the number line that occur by only considering the rational numbers. How Many Real Numbers? It should be no surprise that there are an infinite number of real numbers. This can be seen fairly easily when we consider that whole numbers form a subset of the real numbers. We could also see this by realizing that the number line has an infinite number of points. What is surprising is that the infinity used to count the real numbers is of a different kind than the infinity used to count the whole numbers. Whole numbers, integers and rationals are countably infinite. The set of real numbers is uncountably infinite. Why Call Them Real? Real numbers get their name to set them apart from an even further generalization to the concept of number. The imaginary number i is defined to be the square root of negative one. Any real number multiplied by i is also known as an imaginary number. Imaginary numbers definitely stretch our conception of number, as they are not at all what we thought about when we first learned to count.

This is a memo for record. Im in the army and Im trying to change my Personal Statement

This is a memo for record. Im in the army and Im trying to change my job from Patriot Missile Operator to Civil Affairs specialist - Personal Statement Example More importantly, I check, adjust and load the M60 machine gun and I engage hostile targets with the Patriot weapon. There are several reasons why I want to be reclassed as a Civil Affairs Specialist. Foremost among these is because I would like to face new challenges having experienced being a Patriot already for seven years. I am convinced that being a Civil Affairs Specialist will present more options for my future career path, it being a position which will train me in both military and non-military operations. Moreover, the training that I will derive from the position will enhance my analytical skills in conducting research. Furthermore, I am very much interested in the field of political science and this position will definitely expose me to international militaries and governments. I feel that being with ARSOF will help me pursue my dream of becoming a Civil Engineer. I yearn to be a member of the Special Operations community which encompasses several aspects of Army life. I believe that I can be an asset to the ARSOF community because of my varied experience and tremendous technical know-how in the field of missile operations and intelligence information. ARSOF will benefit from my familiarity in working with different military structures and the air defense field from different countries such as Germany, Greece, Netherlands and Korea. I trust that I possess the qualifications and skills needed for a responsible Civil Affairs

Reflection paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reflection paper - Assignment Example Since it is against the Gods will, gay marriage should be highly discouraged and should not be accorded same rights as the heterosexual type of a marriage. Marriage is biblical and it means that it is Godly and in this case, God created marriage to be between different sexes unlike homosexuality, which is demonic, and contrast to the word of God. It’s impossible to get children through people of the same sex since reproduction takes place only if opposite sexes are involved. In this case, individuals involved in homosexuality can only get children through adoption or paying someone else to assist in getting a child and therefore, denies a child either a mother or a father.Basically,this kid will be raised by either mother or father who they do not have same blood relationship. Gay marriage also encourages immorality and homosexuality in the society (Spilsbury 36) Homosexuality does not help in procreation or the create families since its an unproductive union if a child is needed one is supposed to go to an extent of employing someone to help in getting a

Blue Zuma Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Blue Zuma Project - Term Paper Example Project Duration After adjusting the work timings and holidays of the project employees as well as the activities along with their relationships, it is estimated that the project would take two hundred and fifty (250) days for completion. The project would be completed on 22nd December 2008, as shown in the following snapshot. Critical Path of the Project The critical path of the project consists of the activities that include: (2) Market analysis, (3) Product design, (5) Product design selection, (8) Detailed Product design, (9) Test prototype, (10) Finalized product design, (12) Order production equipment, (13) Install production equipment and (14) Celebrate. Greatest Slack Time The greatest slack time is one hundred and fifty nine (159) of the activity named â€Å"Detailed Marketing Plan†. Network Sensitivity The network of the project titled â€Å"Blue Zuma† is not very sensitive, as there is free slack available that ranges from twenty (20) days (Manufacturing Proc ess) to one hundred and fifty nine (159) days (Detailed Marketing Plan), moreover, there is only one critical path of the project. Milestones The first sensible milestone of the project could be achieved after successfully completion of the activities that include: the Market Analysis, Product Design and Product Design Selection. The second milestone could be achieved by completing the activities that include: the Detailed Product Design, Test Prototype and Final Product Design. The milestone is represented with a diamond symbol as shown in the following snapshot. A comparison of Advantages and Disadvantages of the Schedule Table and Gantt Chart The Schedule table as a network diagram could be utilized to review the critical path of the project as well as the Early Start date, Early Finish date, Late Start date and Late Finish date of the activities as well as the project. One of the disadvantages of the network diagram is that it does not show the resource allocation of the activit ies. Whereas, the Gantt chart could be utilized to view the work breakdown structure or activity dependencies along with the activity start and finish time. The disadvantage of the Gantt chart is that it does not show the critical path and the predecessor as clearly as compared to the network diagram. Gantt chart - Snapshot Network Diagram – Snapshot Schedule Table showing ES, EF, LS, LF and Slack – Snapshot Part 2 – Resource Allocation Over Allocated Resources The four resources have been over-allocated in the project, the resources include: the Marketing Specialists, Design Engineers, Industrial Engineers and Purchasing Agent. In the following snapshot, the red color resources are over-allocated. Activities involving Over-Allocated Resources The Gantt chart has capabilities to show the activities which have resources that are over-allocated. Therefore, after reviewing the Gantt chart it has been found that there are three (3) activities having over-allocated r esources that include: the Detailed Marketing Plan, Detailed Product Design and Install Production Equipment. Over-Allocated Resources Levelling Within Slack After levelling the over-allocated resources within the slack (20 days, 159 days, 30 days etc.,) the two of the over-allocated resources named Marketing Specialists and Purchasing Agent have been regularized. However, still there are two over-allocated resources include: the Design Engineers and the Industrial Engine

Perspectives of John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner and Edward C. Tolman Essay

Perspectives of John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner and Edward C. Tolman - Essay Example While discussing on Skinners theory Mclntyre says â€Å"He rejected the idea of inner causes for behavior, and placed emphasis on observable behavior as opposed to the theorizing, based on unverifiable evidence, often done by others" (Mclntyre, 2003).Skinner believed that the reappearance of a behavior was solely due to the consequences present at the time of reappearance. He firmly believed that the progression of a certain behavior can be hindered with a chain of reinforcements like a behavior pattern being rewarded every time will eventually result in the behavior getting vanished. While Skinner’s theory is still practiced in modern psychology, animal trainers, who take the help of â€Å"operant conditioning† to discipline the animals, frequently use it. This will mean conditioning of the animal to produce a behavior motivated by reward.While both Watson and Skinner may have similar outlook on behavior, there is a major difference. Skinner believed that due importan ce should be given to the inner part of the behavior like thinking, feeling including emotions, while considering overall behavior of the person. Watson was of the opinion that such mental states cannot be studied scientifically and thus should not be used for referencing the behavior patterns.On the other hand, Tolman was not a radical behaviorist like Skinner. Tolman believed that the behavior was not just an automatic response to the stimulation of a reward.. He believed that learning could occur without the use of a rein forcer.

Explain and Evaluate How Markets Create New Forms of Authority Essay

Explain and Evaluate How Markets Create New Forms of Authority - Essay Example Decentralization engulfs varied concepts that must be understood and controlled before setting any business programs, or projects. Therefore, the need for authority in this sense is to support reorganization of administrative, financial and service delivery within that business venture effectively (Taylor, 2010; p. 122). Notably, authority can be understood in the terms or application of the decentralization concepts since it refers to responsibility and authority for public functions, especially of the central government to quasi or subordinate independent government organization or private sectors (Smith & Sutherland, 1998; p. 319). How markets create new forms of authority is a complex multifaceted concept since it involves wide understanding varying from different characteristics, conditions for success, and policy implications. Numerous forms of authorities influence different markets; therefore, there is a rising need for markets to from authorities that makes them autonomous. However, most of these authorizes are influenced by other factors including political, fiscal, administrative, and other market authorizes that are pegged of different types of markets or market decentralizations (Smith & Sutherland, 1998; p. 219). Hence, there is a need to highlight concepts differentiating each form of authority as well as the need to coordinate these authorities. Moreover, different markets affect and apply to political, fiscal, and administrative authorities differently across different market domains and regions or countries. The demanding nature of the economy has made different market demands to reshape or reform the political authorities. The political authority often aims at giving the elected representatives immense power in public decision-making (Le?cuyer, 2002; p. 137). This form of authority is associated with representative government and pluralistic politics; however, it can lead to decentralization by giving the elected representatives, or citizens, more influence to the implementation of the national policies (Taylor, 2010; p. 122). Some of these policies used to determine what business and business performs were to engaging in business within what political domain. However, markets have so far changed and political policies are being redefined to accommodate or allow their citizens and government to engage in businesses within a large market domain. The political authorities have been forced to advocate for flexibility in their marketing and market policies; otherwise, they will remain powerful without powerful or reasonable economies to control (Ferguson, 1995; p. 173). Therefore, different markets have forced different political authorities to assume certain decisions that will all greater participation with more relevant and better-informed diverse interests of societies and other national or international authorities (Smith & Sutherland, 1998; p. 219). These reforms or concept implies that markets have forced or is curre ntly compelling the public or citizens to elect representatives with better political policies towards marketing and markets. The actions of any political authority require statutory or constitutional reforms towards developing pluralistic political policies that will be friendly to markets. Markets have led to administrative decentralization with the aim of distributing administrative authorities towards effective market management. It influenced the administrative decentralization to redistribute responsibility and financial resources authorities towards providing the public services with different levels of governances in order to understand market demands and requirement at

Women Rising From the Ashes of War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women Rising From the Ashes of War - Essay Example Women Rising From the Ashes of War When World War Two broke out, it was a signal that turbulent times were ahead. Men were recruited to fight for their countries. Women had no choice but to let go of their men. It was unknown to everyone what the future will bring, but when the war broke out, it seemed that a bleak tomorrow threatened the world. Women, in particular, assailed by a series of unending attacks to their humanity and had to claw at what appears to be a hint of hope for survival. Class distinctions broke down and the formerly rich women adjusted to life’s painful realities that they had to live like the rest of the commoners. â€Å"Mass observation surveys conducted during 1941 found that many who advocated conscription believed it would force ‘idle rich girls’ to work.† (Smith: 215) The war demanded enormous manpower, not just in the armed forces, but also in industry. Millions of men joined the forces, which left many industries without a satisfactory workforce. The government realised that this shortfall had to be filled, approximately one and a half million workers were needed in munitions alone and it was vital to keep up the production of essential wartime machinery and equipment. The government therefore, took the decision to draft women into ‘men’s’ jobs, just as they had done during the First World War, in an attempt to keep production at a steady level. The new realities faced by the women necessitated that they likewise take part in the war effort in any capacity they can. Most women had to leave their homes to work in a variety of occupations.

Explain and Evaluate How Markets Create New Forms of Authority Essay

Explain and Evaluate How Markets Create New Forms of Authority - Essay Example Decentralization engulfs varied concepts that must be understood and controlled before setting any business programs, or projects. Therefore, the need for authority in this sense is to support reorganization of administrative, financial and service delivery within that business venture effectively (Taylor, 2010; p. 122). Notably, authority can be understood in the terms or application of the decentralization concepts since it refers to responsibility and authority for public functions, especially of the central government to quasi or subordinate independent government organization or private sectors (Smith & Sutherland, 1998; p. 319). How markets create new forms of authority is a complex multifaceted concept since it involves wide understanding varying from different characteristics, conditions for success, and policy implications. Numerous forms of authorities influence different markets; therefore, there is a rising need for markets to from authorities that makes them autonomous. However, most of these authorizes are influenced by other factors including political, fiscal, administrative, and other market authorizes that are pegged of different types of markets or market decentralizations (Smith & Sutherland, 1998; p. 219). Hence, there is a need to highlight concepts differentiating each form of authority as well as the need to coordinate these authorities. Moreover, different markets affect and apply to political, fiscal, and administrative authorities differently across different market domains and regions or countries. The demanding nature of the economy has made different market demands to reshape or reform the political authorities. The political authority often aims at giving the elected representatives immense power in public decision-making (Le?cuyer, 2002; p. 137). This form of authority is associated with representative government and pluralistic politics; however, it can lead to decentralization by giving the elected representatives, or citizens, more influence to the implementation of the national policies (Taylor, 2010; p. 122). Some of these policies used to determine what business and business performs were to engaging in business within what political domain. However, markets have so far changed and political policies are being redefined to accommodate or allow their citizens and government to engage in businesses within a large market domain. The political authorities have been forced to advocate for flexibility in their marketing and market policies; otherwise, they will remain powerful without powerful or reasonable economies to control (Ferguson, 1995; p. 173). Therefore, different markets have forced different political authorities to assume certain decisions that will all greater participation with more relevant and better-informed diverse interests of societies and other national or international authorities (Smith & Sutherland, 1998; p. 219). These reforms or concept implies that markets have forced or is curre ntly compelling the public or citizens to elect representatives with better political policies towards marketing and markets. The actions of any political authority require statutory or constitutional reforms towards developing pluralistic political policies that will be friendly to markets. Markets have led to administrative decentralization with the aim of distributing administrative authorities towards effective market management. It influenced the administrative decentralization to redistribute responsibility and financial resources authorities towards providing the public services with different levels of governances in order to understand market demands and requirement at

Is it better to use GDP per Essay Example for Free

Is it better to use GDP per Essay Many numbers could be calculated to make a judgment on an economy. But we need a general number that measures the total economys strength, but is it better to use the cruel GDP number to measure the level of growth of a particular economy, or calculate the GDP per head number to get a better judgment? On March 13th under the title of Grossly distorted picture in the Journal The Economist an article talked about that issue and compared between the two measures with evidences and examples. The writers opinion The writer tries to grab our attention to the fact that maybe using the total GDP does not show the real state of the economy, but a better way to measure the economy is the GDP per head which the writer is considering it a rough guide to average living standards. (GDP, 2008). So, according to the writer (2008) opinion the amount of total GDP doesnt necessarily indicates to the real growth of the economy, even sometimes the level of economic growth in a particular country could be higher than another country that has a higher GDP number because of the lower level of growth in population. The writer (2008) in this article demonstrates two obvious examples which they are America and Japan, while the US economy made a growth of 2. 9% Japans economy made a growth of 2. 1%, so most people would say immediately that the US economy scored better but we must consider also the level of population growth, while the GDP per head growth in US was 1. 9% it scored 2. 1% in Japan, higher domestic increase in population and a very high level of new people come from abroad cause a 1% growth in population, but in Japan the GDP per head growth reached the level of 2. 1% because Japans population has been decreasing. (GDP, 2008). Shortcomings Anonymous (2008) also gives other example of how using GDP per head tells a completely different story than using the GDP, as using the GDP growth doesnt necessarily provide the right image of a countrys welfare, but population growth must be regarded too. The writer (2008) provides examples like Brazil which has been in a fast growing economy, but for the last fast year the GDP per head increase by only 2. 3% because of the high growth of population, and the writers (2008) gives the opposite example which is Russia who has a GDP growth near the level of Brazil, but yet still the GDP per head tripled for Russia because population rapidly decrease. In general, the GDP is a tricky measure but GDP per head provides a clearer image according to what the writer (2008) say. Should recession be redefined? the standard definition of a recession—a decline in real GDP over some period . (GDP, 2008). But, should this definition still be used? The writer (2008) disagrees with that as recession doesnt necessarily mean an actual decrease in GDP but simply a decrease in GDP per head, and for example he imagines that in Japan where the population is decreasing if the GDP growth was 0% the GDP per head will increase, but in America the GDP per head growth will be considered dropping over the past couple of months because the population growth exceeded the GDP growth, so the writer (2008) suggests that the right definition of recession should be a fall in average income per Person. Conclusion The writer (2008) suggests GDP per head not just for the fact the GDP per head considers the growth of population, but he thinks that using GDP per head can boost up economies. By giving Japan as an example the writer (2008) recommends that government announces GDP per head which is increasing because of decreasing population instead of disappointing GDP number, this will make people optimistic and make them consume more and economy gains. References Grossly distorted picture. (2008, March 13). Retrieved April 6, 2008, from http://media. economist. com/finance/displaystory. cfm? story_id=10852462

Literature Review Of Load Shedding Methods

Literature Review Of Load Shedding Methods In chapter 1, a brief discussion about active distribution networks was presented. The importance of operation of islanded distribution networks was discussed. This chapter is intended to give the reader a better understanding of the load shedding methods currently applied and proposed over the years. However, it is assumed that the reader is familiar with basic power system engineering. In section 2.2, the area of probability of islanding and the need for load shedding is discussed. To achieve this objective, existing load shedding methods are reviewed to understand their working principle, requirements, advantages and limitations. The main categories identified are the following (i) Manual / SCADA Load Shedding (ii) Load Shedding using thresholds, (iii) Adaptive Load Shedding, (iv) Intelligent Load Shedding and (v) Load Shedding Based on Static Optimisation which are described and discussed in sections 2.2 through 2.7 respectively. Finally a summary is given in section 2.8 from which a new load shedding method for an islanded distribution network able to address the limitations of existing methods will be proposed. probability of islanding There is by now a considerable amount of literature on load shedding. That most of the literature however deals with large interconnected systems. For smaller systems when a loss of mains / grid event occurs the islanded distribution network have different operating characteristics and restrictions that require different load shedding guidelines. These are due to the low inertia of the distributed generators, the limited spinning reserve and limited communication systems [0] [0]. Load shedding is a practice used power system and serves as a function to try to arrest any frequency or voltage drop when a fault isolating part of the distribution network occurs. Faults in power systems are inevitable, for various reasons such as adverse weather conditions, ageing and failure of equipment, accident, and animal contact. In general, faults happen when an abnormal physical contact occurs between lines or on lines to earth that create a short-circuit path. If the system is not well protected, the high fault current due to the short-circuit path can cause damage to the equipment in the system. Faults also affect the reliability and quality of the power supply, leading to power interruption by frequency and voltage collapse and voltage sag events. Regardless of the interruption period, the losses are often enormous both to the customers and power utility companies. There are two types of fault, determined by the physical nature of the short-circuit path: temporary or permanent. Common causes of temporary faults on overhead lines are lightning strike resulting in a flashover of the insulator; bird or animal contact; and momentary contact due to wind or trees. Faults caused by these events exist for a very short period of time. On the other hand, a permanent fault remains in the system until the short-circuit path is removed. Common causes of permanent faults in power system networks are cable insulation failure, objects falling on the overhead lines, dirt on insulators and lines falling to the ground. When faults occur, a protection device operates to isolate the faulty line from the rest of the system (loss of mains / grid). The generators designated to provide voltage and frequency control will respond to control the island voltage and frequency. In order to achieve smooth transition to island operation, the generators must firstly ride through the fault or failure and secondly act to balance the active and reactive power in the islanded network. With a carefully designed load shedding method the operation of the islanded distribution network might be possible. It is important however that the design of the load shedding method is designed on the understanding of the characteristics of the system involved, including system topology and dynamic characteristics of its generation and load. A poorly design method may be ineffective and eventually lead to total customer interruption. Over the years, however, utility experience and extensive studies on a number of systems have resulted in different methods guidelines. In the following section, principles and guidelines for load shedding methods are reviewed. manual / SCada Load Shedding Manual or operator initiated load shedding [0] is not a reliable method to be used to avoid frequency deviation. However it can be used by some utilities to manually shed load or open ties (interconnectors) with adjacent areas at a frequencies below automatic underfrequency thresholds. This type of action might be necessary to prevent any further frequency deviation and to recover the frequency back to the nominal value. This load shedding scheme cannot be used for the islanded distribution network as it will be very slow as the frequency and voltage in the network will collapse within few seconds making it impossible for the operator to decide the correct defence action required for safe operation. automatic Load Shedding using thresholds An automatic load shedding for transmission system using different schemes such as underfrequency, undervoltage and combinations of the two can be employed to avoid frequency or voltage collapse during a significant imbalance between generation and load. These types of load shedding methods are very dependant on off line studies of the systems dynamic performance and only consider the greatest probable imbalance between generation and load. These methods have to be coordinated with the protections of the generating units, shunt capacitors and other automatic actions that occur in the system during frequency and voltage variations. Underfrequency load Shedding The underfrequency load shedding scheme as explained in the following papers [0] [0] uses relays detecting the systems frequency. These are designed to operate on the instantaneous frequency value where they trip when the frequency drops below the set point of the relay. The shedding is accomplished in the systems distribution or transmission stations where major load feeders can be controlled by tripping of the circuit breakers (CB) automatically. Different settings can be applied in these load shedding schemes. Multiple stages can be used in the scheme [0]. The substation loads can prioritised and grouped according to the importance of the load. The relays can be set to control one or more groups of loads and when there is a frequency drop these can be disconnected sequentially where the group with the highest probability being disconnected the last. Each group disconnected should contribute to the system rate of change of frequency decline. If the load to be disconnected is small compared to the overall imbalance then the contribution will be insignificant and would cause further problems to the systems frequency decline. Another setting usual for this type of scheme is the time delay [0]. The time may can be required and used usually to avoid any frequency transient dips that could arise in the system. The time delay also avoids unnecessary load shedding by allowing the load / frequency controls in the system to respond to the frequency deviation. However load shedding performed with long time delays should be set appropriately as it will make the system more vulnerable to system stability if eventually load shedding is required. This method will work adequate in a situation where the system frequency decline is slow. For example, as discussed in [0], in the UK as stated in the NationalGrids GridCode each transmission area has to disconnect a defined percentage of the peak Demand that each Network Operator whose system is connected to the GB Transmission System shall disconnect by low frequency relays at a range of frequencies. The defined frequencies and the amount of loads are given in Table 1 -1. Table 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ1: Load Shedding Scheme employed in the UK Frequency (Hz) % Demand disconnection for each Network Operator in Transmission Area NGET SPT SHETL 48.8 5 48.75 5 48.7 10 48.6 7.5 10 48.5 7.5 10 48.4 7.5 10 10 48.3 48.2 7.5 10 10 48.0 5 10 10 47.8 5 Total % Demand 60 40 40 The percentages in Table 1 -1 are cumulative such that, for example, should the frequency fall to 48.6 Hz in the NGET Transmission Area, 27.5% of the total Demand connected to the GB Transmission System in the NGET Transmission Area shall be disconnected by the action of low frequency relays. A significant drawback of this method is that the systems frequency must be already be low before the relay can operate which can delay the load shedding action and the frequency recovery of the system. Additionally these types of schemes usually shed more than the required amount of load. Undervoltage load Shedding Undrevoltage load shedding method has been successfully deployed in transmission systems to protect them from voltage collapse [0] [0]. System studies are required to determine which systems are potential candidates for suitable the undervoltage load shedding method. This method is most useful in slow decaying systems where the undervoltage load shedding relay time relays can coordinated accordingly and operate to alleviate the system from overload conditions and low voltages. Voltage collapse can be studied using steady state simulations for the identified areas using a power flow analysis. System planning engineers conduct numerous studies using P-V and Q-V as well as other analytical methods to determine the amount of load required to be shed to preserve voltage stability under different disturbances. Dynamic simulations can then determine the speed of the collapse and load shedding settings. An example as discussed in [0] in the US in the Puget Sound area, which is prone to voltage collapse has been studied. The voltage trip thresholds were determined from the results of steady state simulations of worst contingencies. The time delays for the relays were coordinated to address control actions of the automatic capacitor switching, generator limits, on load tap changing transformer using dynamic simulations. Table 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ2: Load Shedding Scheme employed in the US Voltage (pu) Time delay (s) % Demand disconnection for Network Operator in Transmission Area 0.90 3.5 5 0.92 5.0 5 0.92 8.0 5 When the monitored bus voltages fall to 0.90 pu or lower for a minimum of 3.5 s then 5% of the load is disconnected. Additionally another 5% of load disconnection should occur when the voltage falls to 0.92 pu or lower for 5.0 s. There limitation associated with proper application of undervoltage load shedding is the location of its application.to where the relaying may be appropriately applied. If it is placed on a distribution line the effects of auto tap changers mask a system overload condition from the relay, or alternatively a line switching operation or the startup of a large industrial plant on one feeder could fool the relay. The relay would not be appropriate at locations directly adjacent to generation powerful enough to control bus voltages even during severe overloads. The relay is best applied to locations with fairly stiff voltages under all normal conditions, so a low voltage condition will reliably indicate a severe overload condition, as may be assumed to be the case at large substations associated with bulk power transmission lines and therefore this method cannot be effectively applied in islanded distribution networks where DG unit power and load demand varies. combination load Shedding In order to increase the security of the above discussed methods for underfrequency load shedding the relay could be set up to supervise the voltage, the current or the rate of change of frequency. According to their combined settings, the relay could either be blocked or initiate tripping of the CB to avoid any misoperations. One combination load shedding scheme is to use an underfrequency load shedding relay with voltage supervision. Basically the operation procedure of load shedding is blocked from operating unless the voltage is below a given threshold. The underfrequency relay will be able to trip the CB as long as the bus voltage it is monitoring is lower than a set point. Another combination is to use current supervision instead of the voltage. The purpose of the current supervision is to select which feeders to trip. This can achieved by monitoring which feeders are loaded above a certain point and then the relay will initiate the load shedding signal. An alternative is to use the rate of change of frequency for supervision [0] [0]. During a disturbance the supervision of the rate of change of frequency can block the tripping for very fast frequency changes but would allow for typical frequency decay rates. Also instead of measuring the instantaneous rate of change of frequency supervision is to use the frequency change trend. In other words by monitoring the average rate of frequency change will provide a more secure decision for tripping during disturbances. The load shedding decision of the scheme is made by monitoring the frequency change over a specified amount of time usually few hundred milli seconds. Therefore making the operation of the relay slower than the ones employing the rate of change of frequency. automatic ADAPTIve Load Shedding Adaptive control involves updating the amount of load to shed used by the method to cope with the fact that the conditions such as the power imbalance between generation and load of the system are time-varying or uncertain. It is important in these circumstances to minimise consumer disruption through proper design of the load shedding arrangements. An adaptive load shedding, is based on the relays reacting to a disturbance either by being instructed the amount to shed or by having certain defined criteria based on the rate of change of frequency. Anderson and Mirteydar in [0] present an adaptive methodology for setting of underfrequency relays that is based on the initial rate of change of frequency at the relay. The frequency performance of the islanded is represented by a linear system frequency response as shown in Figure 1 -1 and presented in more detail in the literature in [0]. Figure 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ1: Simplified frequency response with disturbance input where: H = inertia constant (s) FH = fraction of total power generated by HP turbine TR = reheat time constant (s) Km = mechanical power gain factor R = droop characteristic (pu) D = damping factor Clearly the only observed quantity that gives any clue as to the size of the disturbance is the initial slope of frequency decline. The use of the initial slope to estimate the magnitude of the disturbance requires that every substation in the island will observe slightly different slopes and will therefore shed load based on different estimates of the disturbance. However on average the system as a whole will shed approximately the correct amount of load. To set the parameters for the relays as explained they are based on a simulation of the frequency response for the system. In the example given (H = 3.5 s, FH = 0.3, TR = 8.0 s, Km = 0.85, R = 0.06 and D = 1) the evaluation of the frequency and its slope against different amounts of disturbances are given in Table 1 -3. Table 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ3: Initial Slope and Maximum Deviation vs Upset (frequency nominal 60 Hz) Pstep df/df ΆÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °max fmin pu pu/s Hz/s Hz Hz -0.2 -0.0286 -1.7143 -1.6438 58.356 -0.3648 -0.0521 -3.1260 -3.0000 57.000 -0.4 -0.0571 -3.4286 -3.2876 56.712 -0.6 -0.0857 -5.1429 -4.9313 55.069 -0.8 -0.1143 -6.8571 -6.5751 53.425 -1.0 -0.1429 -8.5714 -8.2189 51.781 The lowest frequency permitted in the system is 57 Hz from the nominal 60 Hz. Therefore when a magnitude greater than -0.0521 pu/s is observed load shedding must be triggered. This method relies on the fact that the amount of load shedding is a function of only the inertia constant and the observed slope. The inertia constant is the rotating kinetic energy of all units in the island divided by the total connected volt ampere rating of the units. This parameter has to be estimated. Therefore, the initial slope is the only unknown. The load shedding amount is computed in per unit, which makes it easy to apply to every load and to every load shedding relay. A positive is that communication is not required between relays and the boundaries of the island are not required to be known. However the drawbacks are that if it is applied for the islanding application of islanded networks this might not be possible as the method needs good estimates of the inertia of the system D, R, TR, Km and FH. This can significantly change with the varying DG units and loads in the distribution network. Another adaptive load shedding method presented by Terzija in [0] uses similarly as the previous method a variation of the typical swing equation. Due to the dynamic responses of turbines, governors, other control actions, spinning reserve, loads are not taken in account in the calculation of the required amount of load to be shed as given in . Where H is the inertia constants and assumed to be known in advance to the disturbance. The adaptive approach is based on real time estimation of fc (frequency of equivalent inertial centre) which is proposed to be calculated centrally by measuring the local frequencies at each generator. The proposed method assumes that the time constants in the power system are large and with modern communication this method would be possible for big power systems. However in distribution networks communication is believed not to change drastically in the near future making this application difficult to implement. This is because the estimation and control information are evaluated after the disturbance occurred. Van Cutsem and Otomega proposed a method in [0] which relies on a set of load shedding controllers distributed over the region susceptible to voltage instability. Each controller monitors the bus voltage and act on a set of loads located at that bus. Each controller acts when its monitored voltage falls below some threshold and trips at different time according the severity of the drop. The action can be repeated until the voltage is above the threshold voltage. The principle of operation of the controller is described as follows. The delay à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ depends on the time evolution of V as follows. A block of load is shed at a time t0 + à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ such that: where C is a constant to be adjusted. This control law yields an inverse-time characteristic: the deeper the voltage drops, the less time it takes to reach the value C and, hence, the faster the shedding. The larger C, the more time it takes for the integral to reach this value and hence, the slower the action. Furthermore, the delay is lower bounded: to prevent the controller from reacting on a nearby fault. Indeed, in normal situations time must be left for the protections to clear the fault and the voltage to recover to normal values. Similarly, the amount ΆPsh of power shed at time t0 + à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ depends on the time evolution of V through where K is another constant to be adjusted, and ΆVav is the average voltage drop over the [t0, t0 + à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾]interval, i.e., Moreover, the whole system will tend to shed first where voltages drop the most. This location changes with the disturbance. Hence, the proposed scheme automatically adjusts the shedding location to the disturbance it faces. Note that the above features are achieved without resorting to a dedicated communication network. The controllers do not exchange information, but are rather informed of their respective actions through the power system itself. The drawback for this method for distribution network is that the tuning which consists of choosing the best values for Vth, C and K. A C and K combination suitable can be identified by minimising the total load shedding over all disturbance scenarios. Clearly this method would shed more loads for some scenarios. An additional concern is that the dynamic performance of the DG units and loads is not taken in account when performing load shedding if applied to the islanded distribution network and by trying to shed in steps the frequency drop in the network might drop significantly. automatic Intelligent Load Shedding Applications of intelligent load shedding in power system engineering (e.g. genetic algorithms, artificial neural networks, MonteCarlo etc.) have been demonstrated in [0] [0]. The characteristics which are inherent to intelligent methods, such as the ability to learn and generalization make it feasible for applications such as load shedding. You et al. in [0] discuss of a method that uses the rate of change of frequency to load shed. The method uses the same approach to calculate the required amount of load as in [0] and at the same time, the conventional load shedding method with undefrequency thresholds is incorporated to form a new two level load shedding method. The conventional load shedding method has longer time delays and lower frequency thresholds which can be used to prevent unnecessary load shedding in response to small disturbances. If the disturbance is large, the second layer will be activated and a block signal to the first layer is enabled. The second layer based on the rate of change of frequency load shedding will shed more load quickly at the early stage of the disturbance. Similarly as to paper [0], this method will have the same limitations when applied to the islanded distribution network. In the paper [0] which follows this study, the explanation of the selection of the settings for the relays is discussed. Agent technology is to try to assure that the method will withstand all possible disturbances. Traditionally after a major disturbance, the system is revisited and settings of devices and control actions are changed so that the system will withstand the same disturbance in the future. This however due to analysis of the system significant time and cost will be required. For the autonomous and adaptive learning capability for the agents, the reinforcement learning technique is used. Reinforcement learning is learning by interaction. The agent tries actions on its environment and then, the tendencies of taking particular actions are reinforced by receiving scalar evaluations of its actions. Thus determining the amount of load to be shed required to avoid collapse. The paper does not discuss whether the technique is applied online or offline through simulation. Clearly for the online this would not be ideal as it will take a lot of number of failures until the agents are properly set for that particular disturbance. For the offline simulation a concern is that for islanded distribution networks the topology, DG unit power and load demand will change thus making the decision of the action of the agents is difficult to train. Another concern is communication between agents. Fast communication would be required for coordinated decisions. Another approach to load shedding is the use of fuzzy expert system and is described in [0]. In this paper Sallam and Khafaga described a method to control the voltage instability by load shedding using fuzzy technique as fuzzy controller. The operation of the method relies on the experts knowledge which is expressed by language containing ambiguous or fuzzy description. The aim of this study is to design and analyse a fuzzy controller for the study to control against load and voltage instability by calculating the optimum load shedding as output. Similarly in [0] the authors propose genetic algorithms for the optimum selection of load shedding. These techniques search and optimise the amount of load shedding using objectives and constrains required for a practical load shedding method. Also in [0] the authors introduce another technique using the artificial neural networks is presented. To prepare the training data set for the artificial neural network, transient stability analysis of the power system is required and to find the minimum load shedding for various scenarios. By selecting the total power generation, total load demand and frequency decay rate as the input neurons for the method, the minimum of load shedding is determined to maintain the stability of the power system. In paper [0] Thalassinakis and Dialynas introduce a computational method using MonteCarlo simulation approach for the calculation of the settings of the underfrequency load shedding relays is discussed. The frequency performance as previously discussed in section 1.5 is used here as well. The strategy for the relay settings will be determined against amount of load to shed, time delay, rate of change of frequency and underfrequency level. A new strategy is developed by changing these settings. The MonteCarlo then computes the system through reliability indices of generating units, the system frequency and load shedding indices. load shedding based on static optimisation The first theory of applying load shedding using an on line dynamic simulation of the power system network was introduced by La Scala et al. [0]. Followed by an improvement of the method combing a control action to ensure angle and voltage stability enhancement in [0]. The first paper that introduced the same concept applied for large power systems to the smaller distribution network is described in [0] by Nelson and Aponte. A more recent study using similar technique is also presented in [0]. The paper presented in [0] describes the philosophy and the implementation of a preventive load shedding control algorithm for the application in dynamic security assessment. The methodology is based on nonlinear programming techniques, for assessing control actions to guarantee the dynamic security of power systems. The basic idea is that the online dynamic preventive control can be seen as a static optimisation problem with minimising function and equality and inequality constrains. The equality constrains consist in the discretisation at each time step of the differential algebraic set of equations representing the power system. The inequality constrains define a domain where the system trajectories should be contained in order to satisfy the requirements for the system performance stability and steady state voltage dips. In [0] the formulation includes corrective actions based on load shedding. The proposed method assumes that the analysis is performed to detect particular disturbances threatening the dynamic security of the system. The analysis is based suing the n-1 rule which is performed in advanced and applying the results immediately after the detected contingency. Each analysis has its associated strategies consisting with the corresponding amount of load to be shed at a fixed number of controlled nodes. The optimisation however is evaluated based on the steady state values of angle, voltage and active power (generator and load). Load shedding based on static optimisation performs load flow to calculate the initial P, V for all the nodes in the system. Then the method performs a transient simulation assessment to ensure the system is stable against angle and voltage. Followed by an approach to the minimisation of a function in presence of equality and inequality constrains consist in incorpora ting the inequalities in the cost function by adopting the penalty factor method and treating the whole problem as a minimisation in presence of the sole equality constrains by the use of Lagrange multipliers. This method has been used for synchronous generators in transmission systems. However in distribution networks because of the diversity of the generators and their ride through capability this approach could result in conditions where optimised solutions do not meet the requirements as shown in Figure 1 -2 [0]. Figure 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ2: Ride through capability of Generating Unit, DC Converter or Power Park Modules. Explanation of graph required. Each Generating Unit, DC Converter or Power Park Module shall remain transiently stable and connected to the system without tripping. However for small generating units connected in the distribution network their transient behaviour could be as shown in Figure 1 -2 b and c where local protection and circuit breaker operation of generators or sensitive equipment will be disconnected after such a response. Similar to the voltage is for the frequency range. Therefore the load flow with corrective control for angle and voltage stability approach for the load shedding optimisation is not appropriate for distribution networks. In [0] and [0] describe of a method implemented in distribution networks where not only the amount of load shedding is optimised but also the time for the disconnection. The current trend is to apply the corrective measures as soon as possible or delayed for the sake of event discrimination. The study and results however show that when the corrective action is applied at the optimal time increased damping and enhanced response are observed. summary The use of load shedding as a tool to keep the network stable has been constantly evolving, and different approaches have been formulated. Relaying schemes like underfrequency and ROCOF [0] [0] are some examples of the mechanisms implemented to trigger a load shedding event. Typical load shedding schemes based on predefined threshold set points is quick, simple and reliable measure against system disturbance. When the frequency of the system reaches a specified threshold value, a time delay is inserted prior to the shedding action in order to avoid overshedding and assist the coordination of the next stage of load shedding action. This technique however when adopted for the islanded operation of small distribution networks would have several disadvantages. Too few frequency levels could lead to overshedding, but on the other hand, time delays between stages could add up and may not allow for enough load to be shed in time to re-establish nominal frequency. The implementation of ROCOF techniques mitigates some of these problems. The ROCOF value calculation is an immediate indicator of the power imbalance; but for the distribution network the variation of the DG units operation would make this measurement unreliable. Also the average ROCOF calculation may take too long and eventually make the load shedding method slow in operation. Even if accurate measure of the islanded distribution network ROCOF valu

Camaro Essay -- Automobiles Chevrolet Camaros Essays

Camaro The name â€Å"Camaro† came from a French word for friend. The decision on the name came down to the last minute, with most of the world sure the car would be named, â€Å"The Panther.† Although the strange name had to be explained to the public, Camaro fit in with other Chevy names- Corvette, Chevelle, Chevy 2, and Corvair. The main reason the Camaro was introduced was because of the huge success of the Ford Mustang. The Camaro was roughly the same size as the Mustang, a little wider and based more on performance. The Camaro is one of the last remaining muscle cars still in production today. It is only fitting that buyers still expect maximum performance from their Camaros. It is that expectation that has kept the Camaro alive for all these years, while many other cars have faded away, lost in memory. The Mustang GT only only offered the 289- cubic inch or an 390- cubic inch V8 in 1967. The Camaro rolled out with 302, 327, 350, and 396 cubic inch V8’s (Camaro 14) The Camaro’s style was much smoother as well. The introduction of the Camaro threw pony car development into a frenzy. Before the Camaro, the Mustang and Barracuda were not quite considered full muscle cars. Most serious performance enthusiasts still opted for intermediate sized GTO’s or the Chevelle Super Sports (SS). The Camaro changed the image of those sport coupes. (Camaros, Eric Ethan) The Z28 and the stout SS-396 were more than just a stylish ride. Under the hood Camaros were well respected. Such respect helped establish the Camaro as the premier high-performance pony car. Camaro sales increased each year form 1967-1969. To this day, these Camaros are the favorite among enthusiasts. The Camaro brings a bad-boy image to the street and the track. The car has always been based on racing even when the Camaro was not officially involved. â€Å"It’s at home drag racing, and racing away from convenience stores after hold-ups. Because of this, media has given the Camaro a bad boy reputation.†(American Muscle Cars, 47) 1969 saw several noteworthy changes to the Camaro. The grill became deeper set, the taillamps were longer and thinner and broken into three segments. A heavy "eye-brow" crease was added on the both sides of the car extending from the front wheel well to the rear wheel well. A matching crease went from the rear wheel well to the rear quarter panel. Endura rubbe... ...white was perhaps better suited to the older cars, but the look was still striking. Chevrolet even revived the interior with 30th anniversary logos. White wheels added to the effect. 1998 was a big year for the Camaro. It received a major refreshening with body upgrades including a new front fascia, a new hood, composite reflector headlamps, and new fenders. The 1998 model also received chassis upgrades, a new 4-wheel disc brake system and a new anti-lock brake system (ABS). But the biggest upgrade was the all new LS1 V8 engine for the Camaro Z28. This new engine produces 335 horsepower. That’s more than twice the standard horsepower offered in the 1982 Z28, to shine a little perspective on the state of modern high-performance. Although most Camaros sold through the years have not been performance models, it is still the image and reputation of the various Super Sports, Z28’s, Pace Cars, and IROC-Zs that have defined the Camaro and kept the car in the public eye. While other car fashions have changed, Camaro buyers still want powerful V8s driving the real wheels, preferably with a manual transmission between the two. Given the opportunity, they will buy performance.

Themes in Silas Marner :: Silas Marner Essays

Themes in Silas Marner Silas Marner, written by George Eliot in 1861, attempts to prove that love of others is ultimately more fulfilling than love of money. This theme shows throughout the book, though the manner in which it is revealed leaves a bit to be desired. Often Silas Marner is criticized for being such a simple, unrealistic story. It does seem odd that after fifteen years of almost solitary confinement, Silas can trade his love of gold for his love of a daughter overnight. Despite Eliot’s attempt to portray Silas’s reawakening to society as a slow transition, the reader interprets his change of heart as a direct and immediate result of Eppie’s arrival. Despite these flaws in the story, the overall theme that man cannot live in a vacuum is portrayed by Eliot very well. Though Silas finds some satisfaction in his tenacious weaving and hoarding of gold, he only discovers true happiness after he dedicates himself to inter-personal relationships. Though his exile from Lantern Yard proves devastating to his self confidence and trust in others and God, fifteen years later Silas makes a full recovery, adopting Eppie to replace his love of money with love of a daughter. The fact that Lantern Yard has disappeared years later when Silas and Eppie go to visit it suggests that this town is no longer dear to Silas. In fact the removal of the town serves as a metaphor for Silas’s ability to find happiness outside his past. Also, near the conclusion of the story, the "fits" of Silas seem to have subsided. This makes sense because since the bachelor weaver has recovered and Eppie has opened his eyes to the reality of the world again, his soul is no longer separate from his body. While before, his soul was exiled and held in a purgatory of sorts before he found Eppie, now his spirit is alive and well, living in the present. Yet he still has relapses, suggesting that the fifteen years of self-torture have left permanent scars on his troubled soul. One lesser theme of the book is in regards to the Cass family. Eliot, through her portrayal of Godfrey and Dunstan as wealthy, selfish scoundrels who try to use one another and others to their personal advantage, asserts that the upper class has damaged society. While the Cass family, thinking that their wealth gives them undue privilege and rights to property (Godfrey’s attempt to seize Eppie from Silas), seems incredibly egocentric, Silas, representing the lower class, is seen as a humble victim of class bias.