Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Human Resource Management - Essay Example The main argument is that the framework for a diverse workplace is contingent on the successful development of these three categories. The article indicates that the motivating and controlling factor for diversity in the workforce is the headquarters. In this way there is the recommendation to begin planning diversity at this stage and then extend it to subsidiary organizations. Diversity variables are also noted as an important notion in that they consider the changing nature of diversity based on region. The author indicates that multicultural teams are effective as the multiplicity of perspectives creates opportunities for increased innovation. To a large part the article downplays reasons against diversity, although there are a few instances. For instance, while multicultural teams may be good for innovation, it is also possible that the divergence of viewpoints and backgrounds causes increased troubles for collaboration. Ultimately I found this article insightful in the way that it attempted to establish a framework for implementing diversity in the workforce. Still, I believe that the article lacks the detail that is needed to truly enact change, as there will be different challenges for different labor environments. Linda Gravett’s article ‘Diversity Efforts Can Support Business Imperatives’ considers diversity in terms of diverse business operations. For instance, there is the indication that businesses that are able to expand into international markets receive a greater competitive advantage. The author also makes the point that for organizations to increasingly survive they must consider diversity as a strong part of their missions and values. This vision of diversity refers to establishing a workforce with diverse talents and skills. Gravett later relays a story about working in Japan. During this period she was tasked with conducting a training program for her organization. The students were Japanese and refrained

Lab Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Lab Report - Essay Example Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. This report stresses that Newtons laws find many applications in the life experiences for example, rocket and jet propulsion in which the third law is widely applied, garden sprinklers, firing guns, dynamic lift and balances of forces in helicopter among many applications. The major limitations of Newtons laws in motion is that they cannot be applied in objects travelling at the speed of light. Additionally newtons laws fail when they are applied to very small objects such as atomic and subatomic particles in which they fail in the concepts of quantum mechanics. This paper makes a conclusion that the free body diagrams enable one to set the problem properly and solve for the unknown forces that act on a body in real life situations. The diagrams learnt in this Lab are useful in understanding what is likely to happen to a body before applying the equations of motion. The distance time graphs are very useful in approximating various quantities such as the possible time one can take to travel from one place to another, the critical velocities and acceleration necessary to avoid accidents and crashes. Additionally, one is able to understand the conditions feelt when one uses an elevator system and the manufacturers of the elevators apply the knowledge while making and installing elevators.

Main Market Segments In Egyptian Market

Main Market Segments In Egyptian Market Introduction Paul founded 120 years ago and is a market leader in France with more than 360 local branches and has spread over 20 countries worldwide. Its a private sector company operated under HOLDER group which its 3 businesses are bread-making, pastry and restaurants. Pauls well known across its borders, and Egypt is one of its targeted countries as its further developing, nowadays. Through our frequent visits to various spots in different cities in Egypt, we noticed how life style is developing encouragingly; we had to be certain about how liable our projected sales would be in this market. Accordingly we had assigned a marketing research to an international marketing research company TNS Global which had been for decades present in Egypt. By this we could ensure more accurate estimated results with first-rate standards. TNS Global has provided us with the primary data through statistical research. We agreed upon that to follow the marketing research through the following steps. a) Defining Problem and research objective. Our main goal is to ensure the feasibility of entering the Egyptian market, and thorough which means. b) Developing the research plan. We needed to focus on adults and students as a primary target, athletes and healthy people as secondary target children and seniors as tertiary target, without neglecting business targets as well. The research needed to cover the following information: The demographic, economic and lifestyle characteristic of these segments. Main market segments in Egyptian market Perceived price for our products by Egyptian consumer Suitable market entry Preferable sales approach Acceptance of the Egyptians for French products -Egyptian consumer behavior and buying rhythm Suitable product features (size-packaging-colors-labeling) Competitors (local-international) Legal and social environment in Egypt Raw materials-labor cost and other production cost if we consider producing locally Investment rules in Egypt online commercial databases, we emphasize the primary data through our research to guarantee its validity and objective conformity. Our primary data collection will use survey research approach c) Sampling plan. Random sample questionnaire is used to ask people, on our product and on the idea itself and how they react to it and how much acceptable for them it would be and such open-ended questions. To put hands on required information for research objective. d) Implementing the research plan. TNS Global had feed us with implantation that includes collecting, processing, analyzing the information. e) Interpreting and reporting the findings. Conclusions were sent to us in a vivid form that assured our idea about the viability and investment of our product in the Egyptian market. Part B Executive summary Paul is preparing to launch one of its branches in Egypt, which is one of the big developing markets. Through direct investment to insure our control over the Egyptian market. Despite the presence of bakeries other competitors, we can compete because our offering combines both high distinctive quality and suitable market price. We are targeting special segments in the consumers level, taking advantage of high quality baked goods, and distinctive foods and desserts. The primary marketing objective of this research is to obtain first year Egyptian market share of 20 %. This primary financial objective is to achieve first year sales revenue of 20 million EGP, while keeping losses to less than 6 million EGP. Current Market Situation Paul founded 120 years ago and is a market leader in France with more than 360 local branches and have spread over 20 countries worldwide , and is about to enter the Egyptian market directly . The demand of the Egyptians to cafes with baked goods is increasing rapidly which lead to increase in competitive pressure. Thus dependence on high quality and a little over price according to other competitors will be obligatory to reach market share in this environment. Paul must carefully target specific market segments. Market Description Paul market consists of consumers of all ages from young children up to seniors which could be athletic , healthy or food admiring , who needs a quick pick and go or a short break in regular daily basis . In the first year we will focus on specific segments. Table A1 illustrates how Paul covers the needs of targeted consumers Product Review Paul offers various high quality standard products indoor where customers can have ability to connect via the Internet while enjoying leisure or meeting or takeaway: 7 Plates specially for breakfast 6 Varieties of plates for a quick lunch 24 Different sandwiches with the variety of 7 different breads 10 Types of pies pizzas 15 Salads 8 Grand classic bread 10 Pleasure bread 8 Light and healthy bread 4 Special meals for athletic and Healthy people 11 Different types of cakes and desserts 5 Type of ice creams 9 Viennoiseries and sweet pastries 6 Options of Crepe 36 Fresh juice , Hot and cold drinks 7 Take away boxes of 12 mini special desserts of ones choice Table A1: Target Segments Customer Need Corresponding Benefit Children Sweets Desserts Macaroons Cakes Tarts Ice creams Students Quick pick and go before classes Small snacks on way back home or between courses Sandwiches Viennoiseries Hot and cold drinks Salads Adults A little gathering between shopping, work or hangouts A quick drink on busy days Breakfast or lunch plates Fresh juice or other drinks Crepe Pies and pizzas Seniors Buy goods for home or family One of the 22 Bread A box of mini desserts Athletic and Healthy Healthy low fat food Food to fit in their daily diet A grab before or after workout One of 8 types of the healthy breads with minerals and vitamins The unique collection of the healthy sandwiches One of the meals for athletic people depending on their activity and their daily need First year sales profits are expected to be 20 million EGP based on sales of Pauls baked goods. During the second year we prepare to introduce Pauls restaurant which will provide the following: Soups Side dishes Side sauce Big main dishes for Breakfast , Lunch Dinner More menu variety from each category of the previous provided products Competitive Review Increased entry of cafes and bakeries has pressured competitors to continuously let prices down and add more products every day. Competitors include: Starbucks Costa coffee On the run The bakery Starbucks: Is an international coffee shop from 30 years ago, offering hot and cold drinks, some desserts and very few sandwiches. Costa cafà ©: is a 28 years old coffee shop which is internationally recognized, that offers few sandwiches, salads and desserts. But recently is facing financial struggles due to the increase of competitors and being not able to provide a bigger variety of products. On the run : is the biggest competitor as its widely branded through almost 9000 stores worldwide , and one of the leading stores locally .It sells desserts , sandwiches, hot and cold drinks , salads , very few pizza. The bakery : is one of the several shops which is considered to be a cafà © and a bakery that sells some bread , sandwiches , few desserts , hot and cold drinks Despite this strong competition, Paul can make out a distinct image and win recognition between these competitors and targeted segments. Our Unique way of baking bread is definite and doesnt exist anywhere else , adding Pauls large variety of products which have French background makes it unique in the local market , and never disregard 120 years experience. Distribution review Pauls products will be sold through Pauls stores and also through other stores in top 20 Egyptian markets. Among the most important partners that will help us distribute that already has been contacted are: Super Markets. Metro market Alfa market. Will allow Paul to present its product in their store. Local bakeries. The baker, Bread basket. Will buy from Paul its unique bread variety to offer in their store. School and University. American University Cairo , German School Cairo , British International School Cairo, German University Cairo French University Egypt , Le Collà ¨ge de la Mere de Dieu . Have agreed to deliver most of our sandwiches, desserts and beverages in their Cafeteria. Fitness centers and sport clubs. World gym, Golds gym and Platinum gym, will sell our healthy sandwiches and athletics meals. SWOT Analysis Strength Variety. Our customer has a wide range of varieties through which they can explore and try and not getting used to only one product. Price. Our products are in an affordable competing price according to the provided quality. Quality. Paul signed with the Ministry of Healths Terms of voluntary commitments nutritional progress under the Programme National Nutrition Santà © on all its products. Paul becomes the first brand of bakery and catering to obtain this recognition. Reputation. Paul has achieved an esteemed reputation throughout the years. Unique. Paul provides many unique products in the Egyptian market which can allow it to have a definite image between competitors which would help it to have the targeted market share. Weakness Brand Awareness. As a start up, Paul didnt yet establish an image or brand name in the local market. Whereas On the Run and other competitors have a strong image and national brand recognition. Culture Background. Most of our product comes from French background, thus it will take a little time for the Egyptian culture to explore and familiarize with it. Opportunities Paul can take advantage of two major market opportunities Lack in market. Egyptian market lacks most of the products that Paul would introduce. Increase demand. Egyptians demand to cafes with baked goods is growing rapidly. Threats Increased Competition. More bakeries and cafà ©s are entering the Egyptian market. With hundreds of them, Paul must stress out clear differentiation. Competitive pricing. Increased completion is pushing down the prices. Duration. Pauls products are all food based, thus it has to be sold during a short time period due to expiry and quality precautions. Objectives and Issues We have aggressive but reachable objectives during out first and second years of market entry. First year Objective. During the entrance of Paul for the first year in the Egyptian market, we are targeting for 20% share of Egyptian market. Second year Objective. We are aiming to achieve 30% of Egyptian market based on launching Paul restaurant and to achieve break even early in this period. Marketing Strategy Pauls marketing strategy mainly depends on positioning of product differentiation. Consumer target Primary consumer target. Adults and students which are considered upper to middle income individuals , who gathers around the tea-area in Paul and consumers more during their stay. Secondary Consumer Target. Athletes and healthy people, due to their demand for healthy and energetic food which contains high vitamins and nutrients that Egyptians market lacks. Tertiary Consumer Target. Children and seniors, as their needs would be little and met easily by mostly buying few products takeaway, like sweets, bread or desserts. Business Target Primary business target. Is mid to large sized Schools Universities. As there are large amount of students who can benefit from its presence at their location especially during their break or between lectures as well as their ability to buy such product. Fitness centers Sport Clubs. Can profit from the existence of our products, pre or post workout, which could allow them to maintain their training and diet. Positioning Through product differentiation, our product will position itself differently that other competitors. We will focus on high quality, unique taste and price added value. Product strategy Paul will be offering all the products reviewed in the earlier product review section during the first year. We will establish Paul restaurant which will be offering, Soups, Side dishes, Side sauce, big main dishes for Breakfast, Lunch Dinner as well as more menu variety from each category of the previous provided products. Building Pauls brand name that advocates high quality satisfaction is a crucial part of our strategy. The brand name PAUL will be printed on every bags and packaging to strengthen its entrance in the marketing promotion. Pricing Strategy Since Pauls products are new to this market, and due to high competition between prices; Paul will introduce its products in a lower price during the first year until Pauls restaurant is launched by the second year afterward an addition o 10% on Pauls product will take place to compensate the costs being paid to establish the restaurant and to allow further expansion to cover more parts of Egypt. Our First Year average prices will be as follows. Breakfast Plates ( 14 35 LE ) Quick lunch Plates ( 3 5 -56 L.E ) Sandwiches with the varieties ( 24.5 42 L.E ) Pies Pizzas ( 14 28 L.E ) Salads ( 24.5 38.5 L.E ) Grand classic breads ( 7- 10.5 L.E ) Pleasure breads ( 7- 35 L.E ) Light and healthy breads ( 10.5 35 L.E ) Athletic and Healthy meals ( 40 65 L.E ) Cakes and desserts ( 14- 28 L.E ) Ice creams ( 7- 14 L.E ) Viennoiseries and sweet pastries ( 5.6 14 L.E) Crepes ( 10.5- 17.5 L.E ) Fresh Juices , Hot cold drinks ( 7 21 L.E ) Take away boxes ( 70 L.E ) Distribution Strategy Pauls channel strategy is to use its store location as a primary tool to distribute its products and to rely secondly on well known supermarkets, local bakeries, schools, universities, fitness centers and sport clubs , and lastly on online orders. Marketing Organization Marketing Communication Strategy By combining and distributing all media messages simultaneously, we will fortify the brand name and the main points of product differentiation, especially out unique breads and desserts. Media campaign will be critical before and during product introduction. Therefore, advertising will appear on a rhythmic basis to maintain brand awareness and convey numerous differentiation messages. We would coordinate Public Relations efforts to develop Paul Brand name and support the differentiation message. We will as well offer limited time promotions, a listed item for customers that will buy a dessert, breads or other products will be offered without charge and further such promotions to attract market attention and favors purchasing. Paul will provide free samples on first one month, for its business targets, as well as it would set special trades deals for retailers that would place volume orders. We would as well rent booths in grand malls to demonstrate our products for first two weeks, we also will offer discounts for purchases that exceeds 150 L.E. Multimedia advertising campaign will take place; offers will be held with our partner radio stations, so that free gift coupons would be offered as a prize through them. Action Programs Paul will enter the Egyptian Market in September. The upcoming steps will summarize the action programs that will be taking place in the next six months. August We will begin with 400,000 L.E. sales promotion campaigns, to introduce the awareness of Paul to the local bakeries, schools and universities, fitness clubs and supermarket and also to generate excitement for Pauls entry on October. September Paul will be launched. Internet, Radio, and print campaign will take place, directed towards our business and customer targets. The campaign will show the products we offer, their quality, and that they are new and unique in Egypt. October As internet , Radio, Print multimedia campaigns persists , we will add consumer sales promotions , as offering promotions for large amount purchases , giving free item to consumers that buy desserts , breads and other products , as well as placing our booth in grand malls offering free samples. November We will distribute our products to schools, universities and supermarkets at this stage .Sales contest will be hold to offer prizes for sales person or one of our partners that offers our products, which had sold most out of our products. December Radio ads will put on celebrities taking about their experience trying Paul. Prints, television and internet ads will show celebrities eating a dessert from Paul. January We will offer out free coupons to our partner radio stations .we will place our products in local bakeries, fitness centers and sport clubs. Results of customer satisfaction survey will be counted and considered to make use of it in further promotions, and to review feedback of our products. Budgets The first Year sales profit is projected to be 20 million EGP. We predict the first year loss of 6 million EGP as there would be marketing budget not less than 1 million EGP plus the start up expenses of factory building , machinery , and staff hiring and training. Controls We are arranging a Very tight control measure with strong monitoring method to ensure customer satisfaction. That will allow us to respond very quickly in correcting any problems that may arise. Part 3

Burnning Notebooks as Therapy Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

Burnning Notebooks as Therapy For many people, the purpose of journaling is a sort of catharsis. With pen on paper, they are able to work through problems and issues. These problems are overcome simply by allowing time to process these tribulations enough to form sentences about them. I too use writing for this purpose. However, I often do not allow writing to be the last step in my emotional eradication. I was seventeen the first time I held a match to a completed page, but lighting the fire is the last step. Before a notebook can be burned, it must first be filled; this isn't an easy task. A Mead composition notebook contains one hundred sheets--or two hundred pages. The goal in essence is to write. As each word flows onto the paper through the pen, some event must set the precedent; be it long narrations of break-ups or pained descriptions of breakdowns, copious amounts of material must pave the way--the emotionally passive life cannot be translated onto paper. However, for those who can complete the task, the reward comes when the back cover is closed. It is then that the... Burnning Notebooks as Therapy Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing Burnning Notebooks as Therapy For many people, the purpose of journaling is a sort of catharsis. With pen on paper, they are able to work through problems and issues. These problems are overcome simply by allowing time to process these tribulations enough to form sentences about them. I too use writing for this purpose. However, I often do not allow writing to be the last step in my emotional eradication. I was seventeen the first time I held a match to a completed page, but lighting the fire is the last step. Before a notebook can be burned, it must first be filled; this isn't an easy task. A Mead composition notebook contains one hundred sheets--or two hundred pages. The goal in essence is to write. As each word flows onto the paper through the pen, some event must set the precedent; be it long narrations of break-ups or pained descriptions of breakdowns, copious amounts of material must pave the way--the emotionally passive life cannot be translated onto paper. However, for those who can complete the task, the reward comes when the back cover is closed. It is then that the...

Scientific Management in Action

Several philosophers have come up with theories to describe the ideal organizational structure for businesses to adopt (Hugh, 1985). Max Weber’s classical organization theory of bureaucracy was developed to deal with management issues in an organization.He maintained that power is epitomized by the course of control in the organization. He defined authority and power between managers and the subordinates in the context of ‘master- servant’ relationship. In his view, he asserted that managers should formulate strict code of rules for the employees to follow without question.His primary objectives were to eliminate corruption, and nepotism which had characterized most of the 19th century business organizations (Wren, 2005).This theory was heavily criticized by the present- day philosophers for making employees too be subordinate, passive and dependent on the managers. It also makes them have minimal control over their lives besides being treated as infants rather th an competent human beings. As a matter of fact, such organizations were willing to pay high wages if mature people behave in a less than mature comportment. This resulted to resentment of the employees and poor motivation of the employees (Hugh, 1985).Due to these criticisms, modern day philosophers came up with human relations theories to correct the deviations created by classical theorists. One of such philosophers is Elton maiyo. He Came up with human relations theory   in 1880- 1948.His ideas focused on the managers taking more interest on the workers by treating them as mature   people who have   worthwhile beliefs or opinions (Wren, 2005).This was based on his experiment known as Hawthorne plant. This theory has been used by many managers today since it has enhanced efficient communication among managers and workers. This is as a result of elimination of the strict rules, which are often too rigid and do not allow the workers to air their views.This philosophy has also lead to greater organizational involvement by the employees. In a nutshell, this modern philosophy has made it possible for the managers to re-organize and also introduce different departments. As a matter of fact, this theory has led to the establishment of Human resource departments which deal with the issues relating to employees. This has led to greater motivation of the workforce and increased productivity (Hugh, 1985).ReferencesHugh G. J. (1985). Scientific Management in Action: Taylorism.Watertown: Princeton University Press.Wren, D, A. (2005). The history of management thought and leadership. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

The History of Islamic Education in Turkish Society

With the end of World War II the strains that had been created by the transformation of Turkey under Ataturk erupted into the open.The political elite splintered into various factions and new elements that had risen to the fore in the twenties and thirties; businessmen, traders, and entrepreneurs.Began to articulate insistent demands for a greater voice in decision-making. In their drive for more power the new groups quickly gained the support of many elements within the society who, dissatisfied with the rigidity of the CHP and the bureaucracy in general, and with the wartime economic problems in particular, wished to see a greater degree of freedom within the country.In this atmosphere ideological attitudes ranging from racialism to communism were openly expressed and fundamental political issues became topics of popular debate. This debate culminated in a dramatic change in the political system that could now be characterized as competitive, a change that in turn engendered marked repercussions in every aspect of Turkish life.For many reasons; including Inà ¶nà ¼'s dedication to Ataturk's ideal of establishing a multiparty system, internal opposition within the CHP, and demands to end one-party rule; opposition politics were legalized in 1946. In 1950 the DP (Democrat Party), formed by four former CHP leaders, was swept into power by an overwhelming majority. This election marked a turning point in the country's history.Not only had a remarkable transition from dictatorship to democracy taken place, but the new government promptly embarked upon an ambitious program of economic development that would have significant consequences for Turkish society in general and the educational system in particular (Szyliowicz, 1966).What had happened was that the first free elections in Turkish history allowed all segments of society to voice their dissatisfaction with the CHP which had been in power for twenty-seven long years; intellectuals wanted democracy, businessme n resented the etatist economic policy, landowners were disturbed by the attempts; however unsuccessful; to induce change in rural areas, and the peasantry, whose way of life (as we have noted) had changed but little, felt neglected and abused by a tyrannical administration.Secure in its mandate, the DP attempted to carry out its campaign promises, launching an ambitious program of economic development financed in large part with American aid, and liberalizing various restrictive laws.Furthermore, the DP was aware of the importance of rural support and did its utmost to maintain the favor of the villagers by a partial relaxation of religious restrictions; the call to prayer could once again be chanted in Arabic and religious instruction became a regular school subject unless the parents requested that their children be excused.

A Doctor of Philosophy or Doctorate

A Doctor of Philosophy or Doctorate More than 54,000 students earned doctoral degrees in 2016, the latest year for which figures are available, a 30 percent increase since 2000, according to the  National Science Foundation.  A Ph.D., also called a doctorate, is a Doctor of Philosophy degree, which is a misleading moniker because most Ph.D. holders are not philosophers. The term for this increasingly popular degree derives from the original meaning of the word  philosophy, which comes from  the ancient Greek word  philosophia, meaning love of wisdom. What Is a Ph.D.? In that sense, the term Ph.D. is accurate, because the degree has historically been a license to teach, but it also signifies that the holder is an authority, in full command of (a given) subject right up to the boundaries of current knowledge, and able to extend them, says  FindAPhD, an online Ph.D. database. Earning a Ph.D. requires a hefty financial and time commitment- $35,000 to $60,000  and two to eight years- as well as research, creating a thesis or dissertation, and possibly some teaching duties. Deciding to pursue a Ph.D. can represent a major life choice. Doctoral candidates require additional schooling after completing a masters program to earn their Ph.D.: They must complete additional coursework, pass comprehensive  exams, and complete an independent dissertation in their field. Once completed, though, a doctoral degree- often called a terminal degree- can open doors for the Ph.D.holder, especially in academia but also in business. Core Courses and Electives To obtain a Ph.D., you need to take a group of core courses as well as electives, totaling about 60 to 62 hours, which are roughly the equivalent of units at the bachelors degree level. For example,  Washington State University  offers a  Ph.D. in crop science. Core courses, which make up about 18 hours, include such subjects as introduction to population genetics, plant transmission genetics, and plant breeding. Additionally, the student must make up the remaining required hours through electives. The  Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  offers a doctoral degree in  Biological Sciences in Public Health. After core courses such as  laboratory rotations, biological sciences seminars, and core  principles of biostatistics and epidemiology, the Ph.D. candidate is required to take electives in related fields such as  advanced respiratory physiology,  advanced respiratory physiology, and  ecological and epidemiological control of parasitic diseases. Degree-granting institutions across the board want to ensure that those who earn Ph.D.s have broad knowledge in their chosen field. Thesis or Dissertation and Research A Ph.D. also requires students to complete a large scholarly project known as a  dissertation, a research report- usually 60-plus pages- which signifies that they are able to make significant independent contributions to their chosen field of study. Students take on the project, also known as a  doctoral thesis, after completing the core and elective coursework and passing a  comprehensive  examination. Through the dissertation, the student is expected to make a new and creative contribution to a field of study and to demonstrate her expertise. According to the  Association of American Medical Colleges, for example, a strong medical dissertation relies heavily on the creation of a specific hypothesis that can be either disproved or supported by data collected through independent student research. Further, it must also contain several key elements starting with an introduction to the problem statement, conceptual framework, and research question as well as references to literature already published on the topic. Students must show that the  dissertation  is relevant, provides new insight into the chosen field, and is a topic that they can research independently. Financial Aid and Teaching There are several ways to pay for a doctoral degree: scholarships, grants, fellowships, and government loans, as well as teaching.  GoGrad, a graduate school information website, provides such examples as the: Science, Mathematics, and Research for Transformation (SMART) Scholarship for Service Program, which provides  full tuition and an annual stipend of  $25,000 to $38,000.National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship,  a three-year graduate fellowship that is designed to support doctoral students across 15 engineering disciplinesNational Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program, a three-year program that provides an annual stipend of $34,000 and a $12,000 cost-of-education allowance for tuition and fees As it does for bachelors and masters degrees, the federal government also offers several  loan programs  to help students finance their Ph.D. studies. You generally apply for these loans by filling out the free application for federal student aid (FAFSA). Students planning to go into teaching after obtaining their doctoral degrees often also supplement their income by teaching undergraduate classes at the schools where they are studying. The University of California, Riverside, for example, offers a  teaching award- essentially a stipend applied toward tuition costs- for Ph.D. candidates in English who teach undergraduate, beginning-level, English courses Jobs and Opportunities for Ph.D. Holders Education accounts for a large  percentage doctoral awards, with elementary education, curriculum and instruction, educational leadership and administration, special education, and counselor  education/ school counseling topping the list. Most universities in the United States require a Ph.D. for candidates who seek teaching positions, regardless of the department. Many Ph.D. candidates seek the degree, however, to boost their current salaries. For example, a health, sports,  and fitness educator at a community college would realize a bump in annual pay for obtaining a Ph.D. The same holds for educational administrators. Most such positions require only a masters degree, but obtaining a Ph.D. generally leads to an  annual stipend that school districts add to the annual salary. That same health and fitness instructor at a community college could also move on from a teaching position and become a dean at a community college- a position that requires a Ph.D.- boosting his pay to  $120,000 to $160,000  a year or more. So, the opportunities for a doctoral degree holder are wide and varied, but the cost and commitment required are significant. Most experts say you should know your future career plans before you make the commitment. If you know what you want to get out of the degree, then the years of required study and sleepless nights may well be worth the investment.